FRQ EXAM UNIT CONCEPTS
There are definitive, established trends in the 18 years that this exam has been given. If you can pick up on those trends, then you can use them to your advantage. Each unit has established concepts that correlate to the objectives of that unit. By focusing on those concepts that have been asked and by understanding which concepts have not been asked, then we have a comprehensive view of what to focus on for the exam review.
Remember, if they have asked a concept before then they may ask it again in the FRQ. Furthermore, asked FRQ concepts are to be expected in the multiple choice portion of the exam.
Remember, if they have asked a concept before then they may ask it again in the FRQ. Furthermore, asked FRQ concepts are to be expected in the multiple choice portion of the exam.
UNIT II - POPULATION/MIGRATION
ASKED FRQ QUESTIONS/CONCEPTS
Demographic Transition,
Europe – US Immigration & N.Africa - Europe US Immigration History Early 20th Centutry vs Late 20th Century Push/Pull Factors International Migration, Core/Periphery, Distance Decay, Chain Migration US Regional Migration, In/Out Migration, Friction of Distance, Age Structure of Pop Population Pyramids, Demographic Transition, Role of Economic Development Malthus. Neo-Malthusians, Malthus Flaws Aging populations Refugees. Political/Social/Environmental Causes. Economic Impacts Infant mortality rates. Economic reasons for low rates. UN sustainable development goals. |
HAVE NOT ASKED THESE CONCEPTS YET IN FRQ
Young Populations. Where? Problems? Solutions?
Sex Ratio Imbalances. Female Dominant vs Male Dominant. Reasons for an Imbalance. Economic, Social, Political. Examples of Places Future Projects. Periphery/Muslims Grow Core/Christians Decline Density Developing Countries vs Developed Countries Regional Variation in Composition. Causes? Population Policies. Anti-Natal vs Pro-Natal. Cause? Effects? Population Created Environmental Change Consequences of Migration? Social conflict Brain drain Males leaving Remittances |
UNIT III - CULTURE
ASKED FRQ QUESTIONS/CONCEPTS
Religion, Cultural Landscapes, Architecture, Toponym
Tourism, Regional Landscape Distinctiveness Lingua Franca, Minority Languages Preservation Policies/Practices US Religious Distribution Catholics, Baptist, Lutheran, Morman Muslims in Europe Lingua Francas, English Ethnic Fragmentation in Canada, French Language, Advantages and Disadvantages of Bilingualism, Why Canada is NOT a Nation-State |
HAVE NOT ASKED THESE CONCEPTS YET IN FRQ
Folk vs Pop Culture. Where? Characteristics? Goals? Conflicts?
Assimilation vs Acculturation vs Multiculturalism. Development's role in cultural norms. Gender Roles/Norms. Development's role in cultural norms Toponyms and Place. Reasons for Change. Colonialism. Roles of Migration. Sequent Occupance. Examples Cultural Ecology. Indigenous Rights. Laws Protecting Land. Cultural Attitudes Towards Environment. Developing world vs developed world. World Wide Religious Distribution. Region by region. Legacy of colonialism and contagious diffusion. Future Projections. Ethnic vs Universalizing Religions Israel/Palestine. Colonial history. State evolution. Divided Jerusalem. Economic and demographic differences. Inter Faith Conflicts. Muslim vs Christian - Sub-Saharan Africa. Muslim vs Hindu - South Asia. Buddhist vs Muslim - Southeast Asia. Atheist vs Muslim - Western China/Central Asia. Intra Faith Conflicts. Catholic vs Protestant - Iran, Sunnis vs Shiites - Southwest Asia/Iraq/Iran. Sunni vs Sunni - Arab Spring and Kurdistan |
UNIT IV - POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
ASKED FRQ QUESTIONS/CONCEPTS
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HAVE NOT ASKED THESE CONCEPTS YET IN FRQ
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Nation/State/Nation-State, Europe, SW Asia, Conflict
Supranationalism/Devolution in Europe Centripetal/Centrifugal Forces in South Asia National Identity, Role of Economic Development and Transporation Infastructure, Forward Capital, Ethnicity Border Types Walls/Barriers Legacy of Colonialism in Africa, Superimposed Boundaries, Landlocked States Gerrymandering and Redistricting Devolution. Cultural, economic, and size/distance factors. Spain and Nigeria |
Democratization.
Irrendentism. Arab Spring What? Why? Where? Role of Social Media Fall of Communism/USSR in East Europe Economic Differences w/ West Europe Stateless Nations, Autonomous Regions, Multinational States Types of Government Unitary vs Federal. National vs Local Governments. Forms of Governance Boundary Disputes. Territoriality Terrorism Causes? Imperialism, Religious Extremism. Effects? Military Spending, War, Domestic Surveillance, Selective Immigration, Racial Stereotypes Territorial Morphology. State Shapes & Landlocked States. Where? Problems? Solutions? Apartheid & South Africa. Colonial legacy. Minority white population government. Segregational laws. Resistance movements and political revolutions. Geopolitical Schools of Thought. Ratzel's Organic State Theory. Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Spyman's Rimland Theory. Application of theory. Real world consequences. UNCLOS. Territorial seas. EEZs. Median line principle. Conflicts over territory. Ex. China and the South China Sea. |
UNIT V - URBAN GEOGRAPHY
ASKED FRQ QUESTIONS/CONCEPTS
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HAVE NOT ASKED THESE CONCEPTS YET IN FRQ
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Rise of US Suburbs, Transportation, & Metropolitan Growth Hoyt Sector & Gender/Socioeconomic Residential Patterns Bid-Rent Theory, Demographic Composition & Residential Patterns Demographic Composition, Urban Revitalization, Urban Policy Burgess Land Use Patterns Megacities & Squatter Settlements Mexico/Latin American Model Primate Cities vs Rank Size Rule Highway & Railroad Patterns Relation to Urban Growth Patterns. New Urbanism goals. Mixed-use vs traditional zoning. Criticism of New Urbanism Gentrification - positive and negative impacts. City government policies to reduce negative impacts Food deserts. Reasons for and impacts of |
More Models Multiple Nuclei Afican & S.E. Asian
Gravity Model = Size and Distance Govern Interaction Big City Connections vs Small Town Connections Central Place Theory, Urban Heirarchy, Range, Order, Threshold. How Small Towns Are Connected To Big Cities Emerging Megaregions. Examples. Urban conglomerates. Transportation and communication networks role in development. Connection to global economy. Residential segregation. Causes, policies. Future projections |
UNIT VI - ECONOMIC/INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY
ASKED FRQ QUESTIONS/CONCEPTS
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HAVE NOT ASKED THESE CONCEPTS YET IN FRQ
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Rostow's Model & Regional Analysis
Core-Periphery Model & Urban Development Maquiladoras & Mexican Industry Service & Footloose Industries Local Economic Development Strategies Economic Restructuring, International Division of Labor, US vs Mexico/China/India (Core vs Semi-Periphery) Education Patterns, Population Growth, Economic Development, Gender Roles Weber's Least Cost Theory, Bulk Gaining vs Bulk Reducing Industries Markets vs Raw Materials Location Ethanol Plants vs Corn Location US Industrial Location Change, Automobiles Factories and Foreign Owned Plants High Tech Corridors/Technopoles Agglomeration Rostow vs Wallerstein - Similarities/Differences Mexico/Brazil National vs Regional Variations Economic Transitions. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Causes for Decline in Primary, Declines in Infant Mortality, Changes in Women's Status |
Industrial Revolution. Locational Criteria.
Started Where? Social and Political Changes? Measurements of Development GDP, GNP, GNI, Measure what? Flaws? HDI vs MPI vs GINI Reasons for Creation? Measures What? UN Global Development/Sustainability Goals NGOs, Roles, Controversies, Microcredit Programs Containerization. Changes to world economy. Deindustrialization. Outsourcing. Global trade agreements. Transportation routes. 4 Asia Tigers. Who? What? Role in Asian and Global Economy. Developmental Theories. Structuralist and Liberal schools. Examples of theories within each school. Limitations of each school. Neocolonialism and debt dependence. Structural adjustment loans. |
UNIT VII - AGRICULTURAL/RURAL GEOGRAPHY
ASKED FRQ QUESTIONS/CONCEPTS
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HAVE NOT ASKED THESE CONCEPTS YET IN FRQ
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Green Revolution
Rural Land Use & Poultry Production in US Locational Analysis and Increased Demand Von Thunen & Modern Agricultural Land Use Von Thunen & Land Use Patterns US Agricultural Change, Dairy vs Organics Subsistence Farming Locational Analysis Shifting Cultivation Coffee Production, Global Trade, Geographic Connection, Urban Landscape Changes Subsistence vs Commercial Agriculture. Rice farming vs Wheat. Environmental Consequences |
Sustainability. Cross Unit Implications. Fair Trade.
2nd Ag Revolution Causes? Effects? Agricultural Regions. Why Crops Are Grown Where They Are. Role of Colonialism In Moving Ag Around Village/Settlement Patterns. Where in World? Nucleated, Clustered, Walled Cadastral Systems/ Land Survey Schemes Gender Roles in Ag. Differences Between Developed and Developing World. Environmental Consequences of Ag. Terra Forming, Land Conversions, Irrigation, Deforestation Food Deserts. Characteristics. Economic and Spatial Influences. |