TOPIC 6.1 - The Origin and Influences of Urbanization
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.
- Explain the processes that initiate and drive urbanization and suburbanization.
- Site and situation influence the origin, function, and growth of cities.
- Changes in transportation and communication, population growth, migration, economic development, and government policies influence urbanization.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times
- Urbanization
- Suburbanization
- Site vs situation
- Urban morphology
- Origin and evolution of cities
- Urban hearths
- 1st and 2nd urban revolutions
TOPIC 6.2 - Cities Across the World
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.
- Explain the processes that initiate and drive urbanization and suburbanization.
- Megacities and metacities are distinct spatial outcomes of urbanization increasingly located in countries of the periphery and semiperiphery.
- Processes of suburbanization, sprawl, and decentralization have created new land-use forms—including edge cities, exurbs
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times.
- Urban hierarchies
- Isolated farmsteads, hamlet, small village, large village, small town, large town, city, megalopolis/conurbination, megacity, metacity
- Sprawl
- Decentralization
- Edge cities
- Exurbs
- Boomburgs
- Gated communities
- Challenges to and from urbanization
- Post-industrial city
TOPIC 6.3 - Cities and Globalization
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.
- Explain how cities embody processes of globalization.
- World cities function at the top of the world’s urban hierarchy and drive globalization.
- Cities are connected globally by networks and linkages and mediate global processes.
- Scale Analysis: Explain spatial relationships across various geographic scales using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- World cities - examples
- Gateway cities - examples
- Global linkages
- Time-space compression/convergence
- Supranationalism and trade
- Competing municipalities
- Trends toward regional agencies/cooperation
TOPIC 6.4 - The Size and Distribution of Cities
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.
- Identify the different urban concepts such as hierarchy, interdependence, relative size, and spacing that are useful for explaining the distribution, size, and interaction of cities.
- Principles that are useful for explaining the distribution and size of cities include rank-size rule, the primate city, gravity, and Christaller’s central place theory.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain a likely outcome in a geographic scenario using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Christaller's Central Place Theory
- Range, order, threshold
- Locational interdependence
- Gravity Model
- Multiplier effect
- Rank-size vs primate city
- Borchert and the American city
- Transit oriented development
- Role of transportation systems and urban growth
TOPIC 6.5 - The Internal Structure of Cities
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.
- Explain the internal structure of cities using various models and theories.
- Models and theories that are useful for explaining internal structures of cities include the Burgess concentric-zone model, the Hoyt sector model, the Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model, the galactic city model, bid-rent theory, and urban models drawn from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
- Concepts and Processes: Explain the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of different geographic models and theories in a specified context.
- Character and function of the industrial city
- Burgess Concentric Zone Model
- Hoyt Sector Model
- Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
- Galactic Model
- Peripheral Models
- Latin America, S.E. Asia, Africa
TOPIC 6.6 - Density and Land Use
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.
- Explain how low-, medium-, and high-density housing characteristics represent different patterns of residential land use.
- Residential buildings and patterns of land use reflect and shape the city’s culture, technological capabilities, cycles of development, and infilling.
- Data Analysis: Compare patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data to draw conclusions.
- Functional zonation
- Urban morphology
- Residential patterns - who lives where?
- Infilling
- Filtering
- Bid-Rent Theory
- Street-patterns
TOPIC 6.7 - Infrastructure
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.
- Explain how a city’s infrastructure relates to local politics, society, and the environment
- The location and quality of a city’s infrastructure directly affects its spatial patterns of economic and social development.
- Data Analysis: Explain patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data to draw conclusions.
- Automobile dominated city
- Comparing North American cities with Europe
TOPIC 6.8 - Urban Sustainability
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.
- Identify the different urban design initiatives and practices.
- Explain the effects of different urban design initiatives and practices.
- Sustainable design initiatives and zoning practices include mixed land use, walkability, transportation-oriented development, and smart-growth policies, including New Urbanism, greenbelts, and slow-growth cities.
- Praise for urban design initiatives includes the reduction of sprawl, improved walkability and transportation, improved and diverse housing options, improved livability and promotion of sustainable options. Criticisms include increased housing costs, possible de facto segregation, and the potential loss of historical or place character.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain a likely outcome in a geographic scenario using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Stand alone zoning vs mixed use zoning
- Walkable vs transportation-oriented development
- Smart growth and urban planning
- New urbanism
- Slow-growth
- Praises and criticisms of urban strategies
- Counter-urbanization
TOPIC 6.9 - Urban Data
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.
- Explain how qualitative and quantitative data are used to show the causes and effects of geographic change within urban areas.
- Quantitative data from census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition and size in urban areas.
- Qualitative data from field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change.
- Data Analysis: Explain what maps or data imply or illustrate about geographic principles, processes, and outcomes.
- Changes in the world's largest cities 1800-today
- Rural to urban migration trends
TOPIC 6.10 - Challenges of Urban Changes
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Urban areas face unique economic, political, cultural, and environmental challenges.
- Explain causes and effects of geographic change within urban areas.
- As urban populations move within a city, economic and social challenges result, including: issues related to housing and housing discrimination such as redlining, blockbusting, and affordability; access to services; rising crime; environmental injustice; and the growth of disamenity zones or zones of abandonment.
- Squatter settlements and conflicts over land tenure within large cities have increased.
- Responses to economic and social challenges in urban areas can include inclusionary zoning and local food movements.
- Urban renewal and gentrification have both positive and negative consequences.
- Functional and geographic fragmentation of governments—the way government agencies and institutions are dispersed between state, county, city, and neighborhood levels—presents challenges in addressing urban issues.
- Source Analysis: Explain how maps, images, and landscapes illustrate or relate to geographic principles, processes, and outcomes.
- Rise of the suburbs and challenges
- Decentralization of the downtown
- Deterioration and decline of cities
- Ghettoization and inner city challenges
- Blockbusting and redlining
- Counterurbanization
- Urban renewal and gentrification
- City beautiful movement
- Inclusionary zoning
- Local food movements
- Placelessness and cultural landscape convergence
TOPIC 6.11 - Challenges of Urban Sustainability
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Urban areas face unique economic, political, cultural, and environmental challenges.
- Describe the effectiveness of different attempts to address urban sustainability challenges.
- Challenges to urban sustainability include suburban sprawl, sanitation, climate change, air and water quality, the large ecological footprint of cities, and energy use.
- Responses to urban sustainability challenges can include regional planning efforts, remediation and redevelopment of brownfields, establishment of urban growth boundaries, and farmland protection policies.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times.
- Suburban sprawl
- Sanitation and waste management
- Climate change
- Ecological footprint
- Brownfields
- Urban growth boundaries
- Farmland protection policies