TOPIC 7.1 - The Industrial Revolution
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
- Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth and diffusion of industrialization.
- Industrialization began as a result of new technologies and was facilitated by the availability of natural resources.
- As industrialization spread it caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow; it allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities and changed class structures.
- Investors in industry sought out more raw materials and new markets, a factor that contributed to the rise of colonialism and imperialism.
- Source Analysis: Compare patterns and trends in visual sources to draw conclusions.
- Industrial Revolution - definition, origins, growth, and diffusion
- The Four Industrial Revolutions
- Manufacturing regions of the world
- Changes in the geographic distribution of manufacturing regions within a country and the world
- Site and situational factors of industry
- Connection between industry and the Demographic Transition Model
TOPIC 7.2 - Economic Sectors and Patterns
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
- Explain the spatial patterns of industrial production and development.
- The different economic sectors—including primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary—are characterized by distinct development patterns.
- Labor, transportation (including shipping containers), the break-of-bulk point, least cost theory, markets, and resources influence the location of manufacturing such as core, semiperiphery, and periphery locations.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain spatial relationships in a specified context or region of the world, using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Economic sectors - primary to quinary
- Geographic distribution of sectors
- Trends and implications with respect to sectors
- Commodity chains
- Weber's Least Cost Theory
- Bulk gaining vs bulk reducing industries
- Friction of distance
- Comparative costs of transportation systems
- Containerization
- Break of bulk
TOPIC 7.3 - Measures of Development
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
- Describe social and economic measures of development.
- Measures of social and economic development include Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Gross National Product (GNP); and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita; sectoral structure of an economy, both formal and informal; income distribution; fertility rates; infant mortality rates; access to health care; use of fossil fuels and renewable energy; and literacy rates.
- Measures of gender inequality, such as the Gender Inequality Index (GII), include reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation.
- The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to show spatial variation among states in levels of development.
- Data Analysis: Explain possible limitations of the data provided.
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Gross National Product (GNP)
- Gross National Income (GNI)
- Gini index/coefficient
- Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM)
- Human Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
- Occupational structure of the labor force
- Unemployment vs labor force participation
- Categories of wealth
- Geographic distribution of measurements
- More Developed Countries (MDCs) vs Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
- Developed vs Developing
- Formal vs informal economy
- Subsistence economy
- Additional measurements such as: infant mortality rate, literacy rate, etc.
TOPIC 7.4 - Women and Economic Development
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
- Explain how and to what extent changes in economic development have contributed to gender parity.
- The roles of women change as countries develop economically.
- Although there are more women in the workforce, they do not have equity in wages or employment opportunities.
- Microloans have provided opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living.
- Data Analysis: Compare patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data to draw conclusions.
- Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM)
- Changing roles of women in relation to economic development
- Wage equity vs earnings gap
- Microloans
- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)
TOPIC 7.5 - Theories of Development
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.
- Explain different theories of economic and social development.
- Different theories, such as Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth, Wallerstein’s World System Theory, dependency theory, and commodity dependence, help explain spatial variations in development.
- Concepts and Processes: Explain the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of different geographic models and theories in a specified context.
- Liberal vs structural schools of thought
- Rostow's Modernization Model/Ladder of Development
- Wallerstein's World System Theory/Core-Periphery Model
- Location and distribution of economic cores and peripheries
- Dependency Theory
- Types of economic systems: market, command/planned, mixed
TOPIC 7.6 - Trade and the World Economy
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places.
- Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and growing interdependence in the world economy.
- Complementarity and comparative advantage establish the basis for trade.
- Neoliberal policies, including free trade agreements, have created new organizations, spatial connections, and trade relationships, such as the EU, World Trade Organization (WTO), Mercosur, and OPEC, that foster greater globalization.
- Government initiatives at all scales may affect economic development, including tariffs.
- Global financial crises (e.g., debt crises), international lending agencies (e.g., the International Monetary Fund), and strategies of development (e.g., microlending) demonstrate how different economies have become more closely connected, even interdependent.
- Scale Analysis: Explain spatial relationships across various geographic scales using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Complementary and comparative advantages
- Neoliberalism
- Supranationalism and free trade
- Globalization and trade, and it's impact on local economies
- Time-space compression/convergence
- Government policies towards development
- Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
- Export Processing Zones (EPZs)
- Empowerment Zones
- Tariffs
- Maquiladoras
- Strategies of development
- Foreign investment
- International lending agencies - IMF
- Debt crisis
- Self-sufficiency model
TOPIC 7.7 - Changes as a Result of the World Economy
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places.
- Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and growing interdependence in the world economy.
- Outsourcing and economic restructuring have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries.
- In countries outside the core, the growth of industry has resulted in the creation of new manufacturing zones—including special economic zones, free-trade zones, and export-processing zones—and the emergence of an international division of labor in which developing countries have lower-paying jobs.
- The contemporary economic landscape has been transformed by post-Fordist methods of production, multiplier effects, economies of scale, agglomeration, just-in-time delivery, the emergence of service sectors, high technology industries, and growth poles.
- Source Analysis: Explain possible limitations of visual sources provided.
- Fordism
- Post-Fordism
- Globalized/international division of labor
- New technologies and their implications
- Economies of scale
- Multiplier effects
- Agglomeration and locational interdependence
- Just-in-time delivery
- Footloose industries
- High-tech corridors/Technopoles
TOPIC 7.8 - Sustainable Development
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Environmental problems stemming from industrialization may be remedied through sustainable development strategies.
- Explain how sustainability principles relate to and impact industrialization and spatial development.
- Sustainable development policies attempt to remedy problems stemming from natural-resource depletion, mass consumption, the effects of pollution, and the impact of climate change.
- Ecotourism is tourism based in natural environments—often environments that are threatened by looming industrialization or development—that frequently helps to protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population.
- The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals help measure progress in development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects.
- Scale Analysis: Explain the degree to which a geographic concept, process, model, or theory effectively explains geographic effects across various geographic scales.
- UN Sustainable Development Goals
- Ecotourism
- Industrial pollution issues
- Global warming