TOPIC 2.1 - Population Distribution
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Understanding where and how people live is essential to understanding global cultural, political, and economic patterns.
- Identify the factors that influence the distribution of human populations at different scales.
- Define methods geographers use to calculate population density.
- Explain the differences between and the impact of methods used to calculate population density.
- Physical factors (e.g., climate, landforms, water bodies) and human factors (e.g., culture, economics, history, politics) influence the distribution of population.
- Factors that illustrate patterns of population distribution vary according to the scale of analysis.
- The three methods for calculating population density are arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural.
- The method used to calculate population density reveals different information about the pressure the population exerts on the land.
- Data Analysis: Identify the different types of data presented in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data.
- Arithmetic/Real density
- Physiologic/Agricultural density
- Ecumene
- Major population clusters - locations and characteristics
- Emerging population clusters - locations and characteristics
- Sparsely populated areas - locations and characteristics
- Distribution of population within clusters
TOPIC 2.2 - Consequences of Population Distribution
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Understanding where and how people live is essential to understanding global cultural, political, and economic patterns.
- Explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment.
- Population distribution and density affect political, economic, and social processes, including the provision of services such as medical care.
- Population distribution and density affect the environment and natural resources; this is known as carrying capacity.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain a likely outcome in a geographic scenario using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Carrying capacity
- Overpopulation
- Challenges of high populations in certain areas of the world
- Relationship between population distribution and distribution of natural hazards
- Role of population increase on health of an ecosystem
TOPIC 2.3 - Population Composition
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Understanding where and how people live is essential to understanding global cultural, political, and economic patterns.
- Describe elements of population composition used by geographers.
- Explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition.
- Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales.
- Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services.
- Spatial Relationships: Describe spatial patterns, networks, and relationships.
- Population/Age-sex pyramids
- Cohorts
- Life stages - pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive
- Analysis of various pyramid shapes
- Population pyramids at different scales
TOPIC 2.4 - Population Dynamics
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.
- Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline.
- Demographic factors that determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality, and migration.
- Geographers use the rate of natural increase and population-doubling time to explain population growth and decline.
- Social, cultural, political, and economic factors influence fertility, mortality, and migration rates.
- Data Analysis: Explain patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data to draw conclusions.
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
- Crude Death Rate (CDR)
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
- Demographic equation
- Census
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
- Replacement rate
- Zero population growth (ZPG)
- Doubling time
- Life expectancy
- Reasons for rapid population growth
TOPIC 2.5 - The Demographic Transition Model
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.
- Explain theories of population growth and decline.
- The demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time.
- The epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates.
- Data Analysis: Explain patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data to draw conclusions.
- Stage characteristics for all 5 stages
- J-curve
- S-curve
- Model's origins and inspiration
- Validity of the model
TOPIC 2.6 - Malthusian Theory
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.
- Explain theories of population growth and decline.
- Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population change and its consequences.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain spatial relationships in a specified context or region of the world, using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Law of Diminishing Returns
- Malthusian catastrophe
- Criticism of the model
- Neo-Malthusians
- Modern Malthusianism
TOPIC 2.7 - Population Policies
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture, and politics.
- Explain the intent and effects of various population and immigration policies on population size and composition.
- Types of population policies include those that promote or discourage population growth, such as pronatalist, antinatalist, and immigration policies.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain a likely outcome in a geographic scenario using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Anti-natalism
- Pro-natalism
- Eugenics
- Examples of each
TOPIC 2.8 - Women and Demographic Change
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
FRQ's - 2016 #1
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture, and politics.
- Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world.
- Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world.
- Changing social, economic, and political roles for females have influenced patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration, as illustrated by Ravenstein’s laws of migration.
- Data Analysis: Describe spatial patterns presented in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data.
- Social values
- Access to education
- Access to health care
- Maternal health
FRQ's - 2016 #1
TOPIC 2.9 - Aging Populations
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture, and politics.
- Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population.
- Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy.
- An aging population has political, social, and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain a likely outcome in a geographic scenario using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Dependency Ratio
TOPIC 2.10 - Causes of Migration
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.
- Explain how different causal factors encourage migration.
- Migration is commonly divided into push factors and pull factors.
- Push/pull factors and intervening opportunities/obstacles can be cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, or political.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain spatial relationships in a specified context or region of the world, using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Push vs pull factors
- Intervening opportunity vs obstacle
- Immigration vs emigration
- Internal vs international migration
- Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
- Distance decay
- Gravity Model
TOPIC 2.11 - Forced and Voluntary Migration
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.
- Describe types of forced and voluntary migration.
- Forced migrations include slavery and events that produce refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.
- Types of voluntary migrations include transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban.
- Concepts and Processes: Describe a relevant geographic concept, process, model, or theory in a specified context.
- Waves of immigration to the US
- Hart-Cellar Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924 - Asian Exclusion Act/National Origins Act
- Selective immigration
- Quotas
- Undocumented/Illegal immigrants
- Guest workers
- Chain migration
- Step migration
- Refugees vs Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) vs Asylum seekers
- Transhumance
TOPIC 2.12 - Effects of Migration
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.
- Explain historical and contemporary geographic effects of migration.
- Migration has political, economic, and cultural effects.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain spatial relationships in a specified context or region of the world, using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Zelinsky's Migration Transition
- Interegional migration
- Manifest Destiny
- Great Migration
- Sunbelt Phenomenon
- Intraregional migration - rural to urban and urban to rural
- Conurbanination
- Human capital as it relates to migration
- Brain drain
- Socioeconomic consequences of migration