TOPIC 5.1 - Introduction to Agriculture
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land-use patterns.
- Explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural practices.
- Agricultural practices are influenced by the physical environment and climatic conditions, such as the Mediterranean climate and tropical climates.
- Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems.
- Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times.
- Agriculture - definition
- Commercial vs subsistence agriculture
- Seed planting
- Harvesting
- Animal domestication/husbandry
- Intensive vs extensive agriculture
- Intertillage
TOPIC 5.2 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land-use patterns.
- Identify different rural settlement patterns and methods of surveying rural settlements.
- Specific agricultural practices shape different rural land-use patterns.
- Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear.
- Rural survey methods include metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot.
- Source Analysis: Compare patterns and trends in visual sources to draw conclusions.
- Rural land use patterns: clustered, dispersed, and linear
- Cadastral systems
- Metes and Bounds
- Longlot
- Township and range
TOPIC 5.3 - Agricultural Origins and Diffusions
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology.
- Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals.
- Explain how plants and animals diffused globally
- Early hearths of domestication of plants and animals arose in the Fertile Crescent and several other regions of the world, including the Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, and Central America.
- Patterns of diffusion, such as the Columbian Exchange and the agricultural revolutions, resulted in the global spread of various plants and animals.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain spatial relationships in a specified context or region of the world, using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- 1st agricultural revolution
- Agricultural hearths
- Agricultural diffusion
- Staple grains
- Columbian exchange
- Plantation agriculture and cash crops
TOPIC 5.4 - The Second Agricultural Revolution
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology.
- Explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution.
- New technology and increased food production in the second agricultural revolution led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.
- Spatial Analysis: Compare patterns and trends in visual sources to draw conclusions.
- 2nd agricultural revolution
- New technologies impact
- Crop rotation
- Effects of the revolution
- Impacts of markets on production areas
TOPIC 5.5 - The Green Revolution
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Agriculture has changed over time because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology.
- Explain the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment in the developing world.
- The Green Revolution was characterized in agriculture by the use of high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, and mechanized farming.
- The Green Revolution had positive and negative consequences for both human populations and the environment.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times.
- Green Revolution - definition and characteristics
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Benefits and drawbacks of the Green Revolution
TOPIC 5.6 - Agricultural Production Regions
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land-use patterns.
- Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.
- Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture).
- Intensive and extensive farming practices are determined in part by land costs (bid-rent theory).
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the degree to which a geographic concept, process, model, or theory effectively explains geographic effects in different contexts and regions of the world.
- Carl Sauer
- Koppen climate classification system
- Mediterranean agriculture
- Dairy agriculture
- Feedlots
- Market gardening
- Monoculture
- Ridge tillage
- Aquaculture
TOPIC 5.7 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land-use patterns.
- Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.
- Large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms.
- Complex commodity chains link production and consumption of agricultural products.
- Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the carrying capacity of the land.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times.
- Industrial/corporate agriculture
- Agribusiness and the globalization of agriculture
- Agricultural commodity chains
- Economies of scale
- Farm crisis
TOPIC 5.8 - Von Thunen Model
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land-use patterns.
- Describe how the Von Thünen’s model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market; however, regions of specialty farming do not always conform to von Thünen’s concentric rings. on Thünen model is used to explain patterns of agricultural production at various scales.
- Von Thünen’s model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market; however, regions of specialty farming do not always conform to von Thünen’s concentric rings.
- Scale Analysis: Explain spatial relationships across various geographic scales using geographic concepts, processes, models, or theories.
- Von Thünen - history, characteristics, and application
- Role of transportation (costs)
- Bid-rent theory
- Impacts of markets on production areas
- Market gardening
- Milkshed
- Exceptions to the model
TOPIC 5.9 - The Global System of Agriculture
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Availability of resources and cultural practices influence agricultural practices and land use patterns.
- Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption.
- Food and other agricultural products are part of a global supply chain.
- Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities.
- The main elements of global food distribution networks are affected by political relationships, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade.
- Scale Analysis: Explain the degree to which a geographic concept, process, model, or theory effectively explains geographic effects across various geographic scales.
- Global supply chain
- Government policy impacts
- Subsidies
- Price ceilings and floors
- Regulations and standards
- Trade policy
- Infrastructure
TOPIC 5.10 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Agricultural production and consumption patterns vary in different locations, presenting different environmental, social, economic, and cultural opportunities and challenges.
- Explain how agricultural practices have environmental and societal consequences.
- Environmental effects of agricultural land use include pollution, land cover change, desertification, soil salinization, and conservation efforts.
- Agricultural practices—including slash and burn, terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands, shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism—alter the landscape.
- Societal effects of agricultural practices include changing diets, role of women in agricultural production, and economic purpose.
- Spatial Relationships: Explain the degree to which a geographic concept, process, model, or theory effectively explains geographic effects in different contexts and regions of the world.
- Agricultural pollution
- Land coverage change and its impacts
- Deforestation of the tropics
- Desertification
- The Sahal
- Salinization
- Conservation
- Slash and burn farming
- Milpa agriculture
- Terraces
- Irrigation
- Shifting cultivation
- Pastoral nomadism
- Economic transitioning and its effects on agriculture and workers
TOPIC 5.11 - Challenges of Contemporary Agricultural
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Agricultural production and consumption patterns vary in different locations, presenting different environmental, social, economic, and cultural opportunities and challenges.
- Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-production practices.
- Agricultural innovations such as biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, and aquaculture have been accompanied by debates over sustainability, soil and water usage, reductions in biodiversity, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use.
- Patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by movements relating to individual food choice, such as urban farming, community-supported agriculture (CSA), organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements, and dietary shifts.
- Challenges of feeding a global population include lack of food access, as in cases of food insecurity and food deserts; problems with distribution systems; adverse weather; and land use lost to suburbanization.
- The location of food-processing facilities and markets, economies of scale, distribution systems, and government policies all have economic effects on food-production practices.
- Source Analysis: Compare patterns and trends in visual sources to draw conclusions.
- Examples and impacts of agricultural innovations
- Cultural/political ecology and agriculture
- Food preferences and dietary shifts role in agriculture
- Urban farming
- Community Sourced Agriculture (CSA)
- Local food movements
- Organic agriculture
- Value-added specialty crops
- How do we feed a global population?
- Food insecurity and food deserts
- Infastructure and distribution issues
- Food processing facilities
- Climate change and adverse weather
- Suburban sprawl
TOPIC 5.12 - Women in Agriculture
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
- Agricultural production and consumption patterns vary in different locations, presenting different environmental, social, economic, and cultural opportunities and challenges.
- Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and consumption.
- The role of females in food production, distribution, and consumption varies in many places depending on the type of production involved.
- Data Analysis: Compare patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and geospatial data to draw conclusions.
- Challenges
- Geographic variations in female roles